BUS301 Human Resource Management

Explore whether or not funding from international lending institutions like the World Bank and the IMF are helping or hindering the social, economic, or political development of the country that you have selected. Support your response with examples.

Discuss, with examples, at least four (4) substantive ways in which a healthy population strengthens the economy of the country that you have selected.

Ascertain the degree to which the leadership of your chosen country has used foreign aid to improve its health care system. Support your response with concrete examples.

Introduction:

The report presents the role and impact of international lending on economy of Pakistan. The relation between better condition of health and economic growth and development has been established. Healthy population shapes the national human capital that further enhances the economic production.

Impact of lending institutions on social, political and economic development of Pakistan: 

The role of international Monetary Fund and World Bank as biggest and most authentic source of capital or funding is of crucial importance. These institutions provide lending to the government of poor and growing economies to empower the basic structure of the economy through consolidating health, education, water and electricity services and environmental protection (Atique & malik, 2012).

These lenders provide loans based on the policies they formulate which further has deeper social, political and economic impact on the countries who are accountable to them for taking the assistance. The basic loan conditionalities imposed by IMF and World Bank to Pakistan are in form of liberalization in trade, investment and financial sector, application of privatization and deregulation in the nationalized industries (Jalil & feridun, 2011). Some general impact of both the lending institution on economy of Pakistan is:

• Pre-determination of national economic policies under the loan packages provided by IMF and consequent loss of authority by the state.
• Shift in the national economic regulation to Washington based financial agencies from the state government providing small economies little power to vote.
• IMF and World Bank packages also evoke negative outcomes in form of reduced investment in education and public health. They also have environmental impact on economies. The projects of hydroelectric dams in Pakistan have caused shifting of population and greater environmental implication in the installation location.

Impact of IMF:

As per IMF the growing economic turmoil in Pakistan is caused by increasing non-compliance of the nation with the policies and programs of IMF. In reality, it is the adverse impact of IMF programs that has fallen heavy on the national economy of Pakistan in form of higher prices and charges of electricity, gas, petrol and telecommunication. Following the conditions of IMF loan policies has resulted into cut in the tariff rates and imposition tax on the sales. This has not only influenced the income of the poor and middle class income earners but also increased the gap between them leading to increased inequality (Rais & anwar, 2012). This exacerbates the social development of nation evident in in increased absolute level of poverty and promotion of anti-social activities. Reduction of fiscal and trade deficit through reduction of oil import and payment of more taxes can turn the economic degradation toward improvement.

Impact of World Bank Assistance:

The nation receives huge funding approximately US$350 billion from World bank that provides enormous support t o the nation’s growth of investment as well as employment creation. The implication of the capital provided by the institution to Pakistan is huge in following ways.

It provides funding to Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund PPAF to empower rural and urban destitute while reducing poverty as a whole. World Bank provides substantial support to nation in order to strengthen the primary and secondary education by bringing enough reforms in the sector. Moreover, it serves the poor and backward communities both under-served and un-served along with providing care for the victims of Earthquake (Rais & anwar, 2012). It’s funding plays important role in lowering cost of trade and transportation,  preventing the nation the spread of HIV and AIDS.

Impact of healthy population on national economic condition:

Health has two-way impact on economic condition of a nation. It exerts direct impact on the present economic condition through the implication of healthy population that takes care of the prevalent health care system in the country as well as condition of health of mass. On the other hand health has greater impact on consolidating the human capital of a society. Role of human capital in ensuring sustainable economic growth is enormous. Status of heath has bigger implication on shaping up the human capital that further kinks to the economic growth.

Human capital is the broader skill sets defining ability of people in acquiring and absorbing proper education, health training and enhancing other talents they have. Collectively these abilities help in defining and shaping potent of a nation. The relation between health and social development and economic growth lie upon the role human capital play as proxy for the different health related indicators like Primary enrolment, crude birth rate, infant mortality rate, morbidity rate (Ejaz, Shaikh & Rizvi, 2011). Higher the conditions and performance of the indicators, greater is the health condition of the nation that has direct and indirect implication on escalated economic activities. Improved health increases the configuration of human capital as well which further reflects into increased gross domestic production of Pakistan.

Higher birth rate and lower mortality rate especially infant mortality rate refers to the fact that population increases so does the human capital. Lower infant mortality rate also indicates improved health condition in the nation. Healthy population ensures productivity that combined with accumulation of resources and changes in technology brings out higher economic growth (Mengal, 2014). Better health condition of Pakistan reflected by healthy population indicates technical changes, which enhances labor. Improved life expectancy in form of reduce morbidity rate is derived from economic development that ensures greater nutrition, sanitation and innovative medical facilities.

The World Development Report depicts that in 2016 the average birth rate as well life expectancy for Pakistan rose from 51 to 66 years in less than 50 years. Pakistan ranked 113 out of 124 countries dropping from 109 in terms of human capital index as revealed in the Human Capital report of 2014-2015 and further indicates alarming attention required by the nation (Mengal, 2014).

Condition of foreign aid to improve health care system: 

Even though the health system in Pakistan in not developed and required much of the foreign funding to consolidate the health care system, it has witnessed significant decrease in the foreign aid lowered by one fifth in 2015. The amount became increasingly high in the last decade and from 2012, it started falling. This has imposed severe challenge to the health condition of Pakistan which spends one unit of income out of every 100 unit of income. The nation experiences 66% of the new born out of 1000 people are dying with 170 mothers dying out of 100,000 childbearing mothers (Babar et al., 2011). Millions of people are deprived of access to basic as well as premium health services as result of reduced foreign aid and insufficient public expenditure made in this sector.

Conclusion:

It is to conclude that the international lending on one hand has imposed severe impact  on the social, political and economic impact and on the other hand reduction of such funding has been found to exacerbate the health care system in Pakistan that require much of the public expenditure in order to improve it to standardized level.

References:

Atique, r., & malik, k. (2012). Impact of domestic and external debt on the economic growth of pakistan. World applied sciences journal, 20(1), 120-129.

Babar, Z. U. D., Ibrahim, M. I. M., & Hassali, M. A. A. (2011). Pharmaceutical industry, innovation and challenges for public health: case studies from Malaysia and Pakistan. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 2(4), 193-204.

Badar, m., & javid, a. Y. (2013). Impact of macroeconomic forces on nonperforming loans: an empirical study of commercial banks in pakistan. Wseas transactions on business and economics, 10(1), 40-48.

Chartier, Y. (Ed.). (2014). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. World Health Organization.

Ejaz, I., Shaikh, B. T., & Rizvi, N. (2011). NGOs and government partnership for health systems strengthening: a qualitative study presenting viewpoints of government, NGOs and donors in Pakistan. BMC health services research, 11(1), 122.

Jalil, a., & feridun, m. (2011). Impact of financial development on economic growth: empirical evidence from pakistan. Journal of the asia pacific economy, 16(1), 71-80.

Mengal, M. H. (2014). Infectious disease control knowledge and practice among health care workers in Bolan Medical College Hospital Quetta Pakistan.

Rais, s. I., & anwar, t. (2012). Public debt and economic growth in pakistan: a time series analysis from 1972 to 2010. Academic research international, 2(1), 535.