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3.As per the signs of the patient, the risk factors that led to this diagnosis are:
4.a.The two most common cause of pancreatitis are:
b.The right upper abdomen sonogram of the patient clearly defines the absence of gallstones. Therefore, in this case alcoholism can be the cause of pancreatitis. Moreover, the pale and dry skin of the patient indicates to the patient’s habit of drinking. Hence, excess usage of alcohol can be the reason behind of his pancreatitis (Gukovskaya & Gukovsky, 2012).
c.Pancreatitis happens after the imbalance occurs in the presence of factors, which maintains cellular homeostasis. The initial stage includes the injury in the acinar cell and impaired secretion of zymogen granules. Alcohol, presence of gallstones or certain drugs generally cause this (Brock et al., 2013). As the injury starts happening all over the pancreas, the lysosomal and zymogen granules fuse together activated trypsinogen to trypsin. This trypsin triggers the intracellular cascade of zymogen granules. After those neutrophils is activated and release superoxide and macrophages release cytokines. These are inflammatory substances leads to gastrointestinal hemorrhage, renal failure leading to severe pain (?nce & Baysel, 2014).
d.High lipase level in the blood stream in pancreatitis indicates the existence of a condition affecting the pancreas. The lipase level generally increases during pancreatitis and the level sometimes rises five to 10 times of the normal level (Balakrishnan & Rajesh, 2016).
Balakrishnan, V., & Rajesh, G. (2016). Chronic pancreatitis. Practical Gastroenterology, 175. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5keJDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA175&dq=high+lipase+level+in+pancreatitis&ots=V0BUA3qsZv&sig=9Gqn7KpG7r17nIKMEeimtpTK3d0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Brock, C., Nielsen, L. M., Lelic, D., & Drewes, A. M. (2013). Pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 19(42), 7231.
Gong, T. T., Hu, D. M., & Zhu, Q. (2012). Contrast-enhanced EUS for differential diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesions: a meta-analysis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 76(2), 301-309.
Gukovskaya, A. S., & Gukovsky, I. (2012). Autophagy and pancreatitis. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 303(9), G993-G1003.
?nce, A. T., & Baysal, B. (2014). Pathophysiology, classification and available guidelines of acute pancreatitis. Turk J Gastroenterol, 25(4), 351-7.
Whitcomb, D. C. (2013). Genetic risk factors for pancreatic disorders. Gastroenterology, 144(6), 1292-1302.
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